According to the official Winehouse website, 'Amy's sultry new video for Back In Black is both beautifully and artistically shot in black-and-white and compares in imagery a doomed love affair with that of a funeral.'
Winehouse performing at the Eurockéennes Music Festival, France in 2007 | |
Born | 14 September 1983 Southgate, London, England |
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Died | 23 July 2011 (aged 27) |
Cause of death | Alcohol poisoning |
Resting place | Edgwarebury Cemetery, Edgware, London |
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Years active | 2003–2011 |
Spouse(s) | |
Partner(s) |
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Website | amywinehouse.com |
Amy Jade Winehouse (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an English singer and songwriter. She was known for her deep, expressive contralto vocals and her eclectic mix of musical genres, including soul[1][2][3] (sometimes labelled as blue-eyed soul and neo soul),[4][5]rhythm and blues,[6][7][8] and jazz.[9][10] Winehouse's debut album, Frank (2003), was a critical success in the UK and was nominated for the Mercury Prize. Her follow-up album, Back to Black (2006), led to five 2008 Grammy Awards, tying the then record for the most wins by a female artist in a single night, and made her the first British woman to win five Grammys,[11][12] including three of the General Field 'Big Four' Grammy Awards: Best New Artist, Record of the Year and Song of the Year.
Winehouse won three Ivor Novello Awards from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors: in 2004, Best Contemporary Song for 'Stronger Than Me'; in 2007, Best Contemporary Song again, this time for 'Rehab'; and in 2008, Best Song Musically and Lyrically for 'Love Is a Losing Game.' She also won the 2007 Brit Award for Best British Female Artist, having been nominated for Best British Album, with Back to Black.
Winehouse died of alcohol poisoning on 23 July 2011, at the age of 27. Her album Back to Black posthumously became, for a time, the UK's best-selling album of the 21st century.[13] It is also listed as one of the best-selling albums in UK chart history.[14]
- 2Career
- 9Legacy
- 9.4Films
- 10Personal life
Early life
Amy Winehouse was born in Chase Farm Hospital, in north London, to Jewish parents.[15] Her father, Mitchell 'Mitch' Winehouse, was a window panel installer[16] and then a taxi driver; and her mother, Janis Winehouse (née Seaton),[17] was a pharmacist.[18] Winehouse's ancestors were Russian Jewish and Polish Jewish immigrants to London. Amy had an older brother, Alex (born 1979),[19] and the family lived in London's Southgate area,[15] where she attended Osidge Primary School.[20] Winehouse as a child attended a Jewish Sunday school.[21] After she rose to fame, during an interview she expressed her dismissal towards the school by saying that she used to beg her father to allow her not to go and that she learned nothing about being Jewish by going anyway.[22] In the same interview, Winehouse said she only went to a synagogue once a year on Yom Kippur 'out of respect'.[21]
Many of Winehouse's maternal uncles were professional jazz musicians.[23] Amy's paternal grandmother, Cynthia, was a singer and dated the English jazz saxophonist Ronnie Scott.[24] She and Amy's parents influenced Amy's interest in jazz.[24] Her father, Mitch, often sang Frank Sinatra songs to her, and whenever she got chastised at school, she would sing 'Fly Me to the Moon' before going up to the headmistress to be told off.[25] Winehouse's parents separated when she was nine,[26] and she lived with her mother and stayed with her father and his girlfriend in Hatfield Heath, Essex, on weekends.[27]
In 1992, her grandmother Cynthia suggested that Amy attend the Susi Earnshaw Theatre School, where she went on Saturdays to further her vocal education and to learn to tap dance.[28][29] She attended the school for four years and founded a short-lived rap group called Sweet 'n' Sour, with Juliette Ashby, her childhood friend,[30] before seeking full-time training at Sylvia Young Theatre School. Winehouse was allegedly expelled at 14 for 'not applying herself' and also for piercing her nose.[19][31]Sylvia Young has denied this—'She changed schools at 15...I've heard it said she was expelled; she wasn't. I'd never have expelled Amy'[32]—as has Mitch Winehouse.[16] She also appeared in an episode of The Fast Show, 1997, with other children from the Sylvia Young School[33] and later attended the Mount School, Mill Hill; the BRIT School in Selhurst, Croydon; Osidge JMI School and then Ashmole School.[34][35][36]
Career
1997–2005: Career beginnings and Frank
Winehouse performing live in July 2004
After toying around with her brother Alex's guitar, Winehouse bought her own when she was 14 and began writing music a year later. Soon after, she began working for a living, including, at one time, as an entertainment journalist for the World Entertainment News Network, in addition to singing with local group the Bolsha Band.[19][37] In July 2000, she became the featured female vocalist with the National Youth Jazz Orchestra; her influences were to include Sarah Vaughan and Dinah Washington,[38] the latter of whom she was already listening to at home.[24] Amy's best friend, soul singer Tyler James, sent her demo tape to an A&R person.[24] Winehouse signed to Simon Fuller's 19 Management in 2002 and was paid £250 a week against future earnings.[39] While being developed by the management company, she was kept as a recording industry secret[40] although she was a regular jazz standards singer at the Cobden Club.[39] Her future A&R representative at Island, Darcus Beese, heard of her by accident when the manager of The Lewinson Brothers showed him some productions of his clients, which featured Winehouse as key vocalist. When he asked who the singer was, the manager told him he was not allowed to say. Having decided that he wanted to sign her, it took several months of asking around for Beese to eventually discover who the singer was. However, Winehouse had already recorded a number of songs and signed a publishing deal with EMI by this time. Incidentally, she formed a working relationship with producer Salaam Remi through these record publishers.[40]
Beese introduced Winehouse to his boss, Nick Gatfield, and the Island head shared his enthusiasm in signing the young artist. Winehouse was signed to Island, as rival interest in Winehouse had started to build to include representatives of EMI and Virgin starting to make moves. Beese told HitQuarters that he felt the excitement over an artist who was an atypical pop star for the time was due to a backlash against reality TV music shows, which included audiences starved for fresh, genuine young talent.[40]
Winehouse's debut album, Frank, was released on 20 October 2003. Produced mainly by Salaam Remi, many songs were influenced by jazz and, apart from two covers, Winehouse co-wrote every song. The album received positive reviews[41][42] with compliments over the 'cool, critical gaze' in its lyrics[9] and brought comparisons of her voice to Sarah Vaughan,[43]Macy Gray and others.[9]
The album entered the upper levels of the UK album chart in 2004 when it was nominated for Brit Awards in the categories of 'British Female Solo Artist' and 'British Urban Act.' It went on to achieve platinum sales.[44][45] Later in 2004, she and Remi won the Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song, for their first single together, 'Stronger Than Me.'[46] The album was also shortlisted for the 2004 Mercury Music Prize. In the same year, she performed at the Glastonbury Festival – Jazzworld, the V Festival and the Montreal International Jazz Festival (7 July 2004, at the Club Soda). After the release of the album, Winehouse commented that she was 'only 80 percent behind [the] album' because Island Records had over-ruled her preferences for the songs and mixes to be included.[24] Further singles from the album were 'Take the Box,' 'In My Bed'/'You Sent Me Flying' and 'Pumps'/'Help Yourself.'
2006–2008: Back to Black and international success
Winehouse at the Avalon in Boston, Massachusetts, 2007
In contrast to her jazz-influenced former album, Winehouse's focus shifted to the girl groups of the 1950s and 1960s. Winehouse hired New York singer Sharon Jones's longtime band, the Dap-Kings, to back her up in the studio and on tour.[47] Mitch Winehouse relates in Amy, My Daughter how fascinating watching her process was: her perfectionism in the studio and how she would put what she had sung on a CD and play it in his taxi outside to know how most people would hear her music.[48] In May 2006, Winehouse's demo tracks such as 'You Know I'm No Good' and 'Rehab' appeared on Mark Ronson's New York radio show on East Village Radio. These were some of the first new songs played on the radio after the release of 'Pumps' and both were slated to appear on her second album. The 11-track album, completed in five months,[48] was produced entirely by Salaam Remi and Ronson, with the production credits being split between them. Ronson said in a 2010 interview that he liked working with Winehouse because she was blunt when she did not like his work.[49] She in turn thought that when they first met, he was a sound engineer and that she was expecting an older man with a beard.[50] Promotion of Back to Black soon began and, in early October 2006 Winehouse's official website was relaunched with a new layout and clips of previously unreleased songs.[44]Back to Black was released in the UK on 30 October 2006. It went to number one on the UK Albums Chart for two weeks in January 2007, dropping then climbing back for several weeks in February. In the US, it entered at number seven on the Billboard 200. It was the best-selling album in the UK of 2007, selling 1.85million copies over the course of the year.[51]
The album spawned a number of hit singles. The first single released from the album was the Ronson-produced 'Rehab.' The song reached the top ten in the UK and the US.[52][53]Time magazine named 'Rehab' the Best Song of 2007. Writer Josh Tyrangiel praised Winehouse for her confidence, saying, 'What she is mouthy, funny, sultry, and quite possibly crazy' and 'It's impossible not to be seduced by her originality. Combine it with production by Mark Ronson that references four decades worth of soul music without once ripping it off, and you've got the best song of 2007.'[54] The album's second single and lead single in the US, 'You Know I'm No Good,' was released in January 2007 with a remix featuring rap vocals by Ghostface Killah. It ultimately reached number 18 on the UK singles chart. The title track, 'Back to Black,' was released in the UK in April 2007 and peaked at number 25, but was more successful across mainland Europe.[55] 'Tears Dry on Their Own,' 'Love Is a Losing Game' were also released as singles, but failed to achieve the same level of success.
A deluxe edition of Back to Black was also released on 5 November 2007 in the UK. The bonus disc features B-sides, rare, and live tracks, as well as 'Valerie.' Winehouse's debut DVD I Told You I Was Trouble: Live in London was released the same day in the UK and 13 November in the US. It includes a live set recorded at London's Shepherd's Bush Empire and a 50-minute documentary charting the singer's career over the previous four years.[56]Frank was released in the United States on 20 November 2007 to positive reviews.[57][58] The album debuted at number 61 on the Billboard 200 chart.[59] In addition to her own album, she collaborated with other artists on singles. Winehouse was a vocalist on the song 'Valerie' on Ronson's solo album Version. The song peaked at number two in the UK, upon its October single release. 'Valerie' was nominated for a 2008 Brit Award for 'Best British Single.'[60][61][62] Her work with ex-SugababeMutya Buena, 'B Boy Baby,' was released on 17 December 2007. It served as the fourth single from Buena's debut album, Real Girl.[63] Winehouse was also in talks of working with Missy Elliott for her album, Block Party.[64]
Winehouse with The Rolling Stones at the 2007 Isle of Wight Festival
Winehouse promoted the release of Back to Black with headline performances in late 2006, including a Little Noise Sessions charity concert at the Union Chapel in Islington, London.[65] On 31 December 2006, Winehouse appeared on Jools Holland's Annual Hootenanny and performed a cover of Marvin Gaye's 'I Heard It Through the Grapevine' along with Paul Weller and Holland's Rhythm and Blues Orchestra. She also performed Toots and the Maytals' 'Monkey Man'. At his request, actor Bruce Willis introduced Winehouse before her performance of 'Rehab' at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards in Universal City, California, on 3 June 2007.[66] During the summer of 2007, she performed at various festivals, including Glastonbury Festival,[67]Lollapalooza in Chicago,[68] Belgium's Rock Werchter, and Virgin Festival in Baltimore.
The rest of her tour, however, did not go as well. In November 2007 the opening night of a 17-date tour was marred by booing and walkouts at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham. A critic for the Birmingham Mail said it was 'one of the saddest nights of my life...I saw a supremely talented artist reduced to tears, stumbling around the stage and, unforgivably, swearing at the audience.'[69] Other concerts ended similarly, with, for example, fans at her Hammersmith Apollo performance in London saying that she 'looked highly intoxicated throughout,'[70] until she announced on 27 November 2007, that her performances and public appearances were cancelled for the remainder of the year, citing her doctor's advice to take a complete rest. A statement issued by concert promoter Live Nation blamed 'the rigours involved in touring and the intense emotional strain that Amy has been under in recent weeks' for the decision.[71] Mitch Winehouse wrote about her nervousness before public performances in his 2012 book, Amy, My Daughter.[72]
Winehouse performing at the Virgin Festival, Pimlico, Baltimore in 2007
On 13 January 2008, Back to Black held the number-one position on the Billboard Pan European charts for the third consecutive week.[73] On 20 February 2008, Winehouse performed at the 2008 Brit Awards, performing 'Valerie' with Mark Ronson, followed by 'Love Is a Losing Game.' She urged the crowd to 'make some noise for my Blake.'[74]
In February 2008, Winehouse also won Grammy Awards in the following categories: Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the single 'Rehab,' and Best Pop Vocal Album. Additionally, Back to Black was nominated for Album of the Year.[75][76] Ronson's work with her won the Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, in the non-classical category.[77] The singer also earned a Grammy as Best New Artist, earning her an entry in the 2009 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records for Most Grammy Awards won by a British Female Act.[78] She ended her acceptance speech for Record of the Year with, 'This is for London because Camden town ain't burning down,' in reference to the Camden Market fire.[79] Winehouse was forced to perform 'You Know I'm No Good' and 'Rehab' for the awards ceremony via satellite, as her visa approval had not been processed in time.[16]
After the Grammys, the album's sales increased, catapulting Back to Black to number two on the US Billboard 200, after it initially peaked in the seventh position.[80] A special deluxe edition of Back to Black topped the UK album charts on 2 March 2008. Meanwhile, the original edition of the album was ranked at number 30 in its 68th week on the charts, while Frank charted at number 35.[81]
In Paris, she performed what was described as a 'well-executed 40-minute' set at the opening of a Fendi boutique in early March.[82] By 12 March, the album had sold a total of 2,467,575 copies—318,350 copies had been sold in the previous 10 weeks—putting the album on the UK's top-10 best-selling albums of the 21st century for the first time.[83] On 7 April, Back to Black was in the top position of the pan-European charts for the sixth consecutive and thirteenth aggregate week.[84]Amy Winehouse – The Girl Done Good: A Documentary Review, a 78-minute DVD, was released on 14 April 2008. The documentary features interviews with those who knew her at a young age, people who helped her achieve success, jazz music experts, and music and pop-culture specialists.[85][86]
At the 2008 Ivor Novello Awards in May, Winehouse became the first-ever artist to receive two nominations for the top award: best song, musically and lyrically. She won the award for 'Love Is a Losing Game' and was nominated for 'You Know I'm No Good.'[87] 'Rehab,' a Novello winner for best contemporary song in 2006, also received a 2008 nomination for best-selling British song.[88] Winehouse was also nominated for a 2008 MTV Europe Award in the 'Act of the Year' category.[89]
Although her father, manager and various members of her touring team reportedly tried to dissuade her, Winehouse performed at the Rock in Rio Lisboa festival in Portugal in May 2008.[28] Although the set was plagued by a late arrival and problems with her voice, the crowd warmed to her. In addition to her own material she performed two Specials covers.[90] Winehouse performed at Nelson Mandela's 90th Birthday Party concert at London's Hyde Park on 27 June,[91] and the next day at the Glastonbury Festival.[92] On 12 July, at the Oxegen Festival in Ireland she performed a well-received 50-minute set[93] which was followed the next day by a 14-song set at T in the Park.[94]
On 16 August she played at the Staffordshire leg of the V Festival, and the following day played the Chelmsford leg of the festival. Organizers said that Winehouse attracted the biggest crowds of the festival. Audience reaction was reported as mixed.[95] On 6 September, she was Bestival's Saturday headliner, where her performance was described as polished—terminated by a curfew as the show running overdue, after Winehouse started an hour late—and her storming off stage.[96]
A clip of Winehouse's music was included in the 'Roots and Influences' area that looked at connections between different artists at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Annex NYC, which opened in December 2008. One thread started with Billie Holiday, continued with Aretha Franklin and Mary J. Blige, and then finished with Winehouse.[97]
Back to Black was the world's seventh-biggest-selling album of 2008.[98] The album's sales meant that the market performance of Universal Music's recorded music division did not drop to levels experienced by the overall music market.[99]
2009–2011: Final projects before death
In a poll of US residents conducted for VisitBritain by Harris Interactive, the results of which were released in March 2009, one-fifth of those polled indicated they had listened to Winehouse's music during the previous year.[100] Winehouse performed with Rhythms del Mundo on their cover of the Sam Cooke song, 'Cupid', for an Artists Project Earth benefit album that was released on 13 July 2009.[101][102]
Amy Winehouse with her band backstage, 16 March 2009
Winehouse and Ronson contributed a cover of Lesley Gore's 'It's My Party' to the Quincy Jones tribute album Q Soul Bossa Nostra released 9 November 2010.[103] Winehouse and drummer Questlove of The Roots had agreed to form a group but her problems obtaining a visa delayed their working together: Salaam Remi had already created some material with Winehouse as part of the project.[104] According to The Times, Universal Music pressed her for new material in 2008, and Winehouse as of 2 September had not been near a recording studio.[99] In late October Winehouse's spokesman was quoted as saying that Winehouse had not been given a deadline to complete her third album, for which she was learning to play drums.[105]
In May 2009, Winehouse returned to performing at a jazz festival in Saint Lucia amid torrential downpours and technical difficulties. During her set it was reported she was unsteady on her feet and had trouble remembering lyrics. She apologised to the crowd for being 'bored' and ended the set in the middle of a song.[106][107] To a cheering crowd on 23 August at the V festival, Winehouse sang with The Specials on their songs 'You're Wondering Now' and 'Ghost Town.'[108] During her stay in Saint Lucia, she also worked on new music with Salaam Remi. Island claimed that a new album would be due in 2010 with Island co-president Darcus Beese saying, 'I've heard a couple of song demos that have absolutely floored me.'[109] In July 2010, Winehouse was quoted as saying her next album would be released no later than January 2011, saying 'It's going to be very much the same as my second album, where there's a lot of jukebox stuff and songs that are... just jukebox, really.' Ronson said the same month however that he had not started to record the album.[110] She performed 'Valerie' with Ronson at a movie premiere but forgot some of the song's lyrics.[110] In October Winehouse performed a four-song set to promote her fashion line. In December 2010, she played a 40-minute concert at a Russian oligarch's party in Moscow, the tycoon hand picking the songs.[111]
Winehouse performing in Brazil in January 2011, one of her final concerts before her death
During January 2011, she played five dates in Brazil, with opening acts of Janelle Monáe and Mayer Hawthorne.[112][113] On 11 February 2011, Winehouse cut short a performance in Dubai following booing from the audience. Winehouse was reported to be tired, distracted and 'tipsy' during the performance.[114]
On 18 June 2011, Winehouse started her twelve-leg 2011 European tour in Belgrade. Local media described her performance as a scandal and disaster, and she was booed off the stage due to her apparently being too drunk to perform. It was reported that she was unable to remember the city she was in, the lyrics of her songs or—when trying to introduce them—the names of the members of her band.[115][116] The local press also claimed that Winehouse was forced to perform by her bodyguards, who did not allow her to leave the stage when she tried to do so.[117] She then pulled out of performances in Istanbul and Athens which had been scheduled for the following week.[118] On 21 June, it was announced that she had cancelled all shows of her tour and would be given 'as long as it takes' to sort herself out.[119]
Winehouse's last public appearance took place at Camden's Roundhouse, London on 20 July 2011, when she made a surprise appearance on stage to support her goddaughter, Dionne Bromfield, who was singing 'Mama Said' with The Wanted.[120]
Winehouse died on 23 July 2011. On the week of 26 July 2011, Frank, Back to Black and the Back to BlackEP re-entered the Billboard 200 at number 57, number 9 and number 152 respectively, with the album climbing to number 4 the following week.[121][122]Back to Black also topped the Billboard Digital Albums chart on the same week and was the second best-seller on iTunes.[123] 'Rehab' re-entered and topped the BillboardHot Digital Songs chart as well, selling up to 38,000 more digital downloads.[124] As of August 2011, Back to Black was the best-selling album in the UK in the twenty-first century.[125]
Winehouse's last recording was a duet with American singer Tony Bennett for his latest album, Duets II, released on 20 September 2011.[126] Their single from the album, 'Body and Soul,' was released on 14 September 2011 on MTV and VH1 to commemorate what would have been her 28th birthday. Her father, Mitch Winehouse, launched the Amy Winehouse Foundation with the goal of raising awareness and support for organisations that help vulnerable, young adults with problems such as addiction. Proceeds from 'Body and Soul' benefit the Amy Winehouse Foundation.[127] The song received the Grammy for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 54th Grammy Awards on 12 February 2012.[128] Winehouse's father picked up the award at the awards ceremony with his wife Janis, saying, 'We shouldn't be here. Our darling daughter should be here. These are the cards that we're dealt.'[129]
When interviewed by Jon Stewart on The Daily Show on 29 September 2011, Bennett stated that in hindsight, he believed that Winehouse:
- was in trouble at that time because she had a couple of engagements that she didn't keep up. But what people didn't realise at that time, that she really knew, and in fact I didn't even know it when we were making the record, and now looking at the whole thing; she knew that she was in a lot of trouble; that she wasn't going to live. And it wasn't drugs. It was alcohol toward the end... It was such a sad thing because... she was the only singer that really sang what I call the 'right way' because she was a great jazz-pop singer... She was really a great jazz singer. A true jazz singer. And I regret that because that's the 'right way' to sing.[130]
An album of previously unreleased material, titled Lioness: Hidden Treasures, was released on 6 December 2011.[131] It debuted at the top of the UK Albums Chart with the biggest first-week sales of Winehouse's career.[132] It debuted at number five on the Billboard 200, selling 114,000 units, making it her highest-debuting album in the US.[133]
Other ventures
The first act on Winehouse's record label was her goddaughter Dionne Bromfield.
Winehouse joined a campaign to stop a block of flats being built beside the George Tavern, a famous London East End music venue. Campaign supporters feared the residential development would end the spot's lucrative sideline as a film and photo location, on which it relies to survive.[134] As part of a breast cancer awareness campaign, Winehouse appeared in a revealing photograph for the April 2008 issue of Easy Living magazine.[135] Winehouse had an estimated £10m fortune, tying her for tenth place in the 2008 The Sunday Times listing of the wealth of musicians under age 30.[136] The following year her fortune had dropped to an estimated £5m.[137] Her finances are run by Mitch and Janis Winehouse.[138] It was reported she earned about £1m singing at two private parties during Paris Fashion Week.[139] as well as another £1m to perform at a Moscow Art Gallery for Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich.[140] Winehouse loaned a vintage dress used in her video for 'Tears Dry on Their Own' as well as a DVD to the British Music Experience, a new museum dedicated to the history of British pop music.[141] The museum, located at the O2 Arena in London, opened on 9 March 2009.[142][143]
In January 2009, Winehouse announced that she was launching her own record label. The first act on her Lioness Records is Winehouse's 13-year-old goddaughter, Dionne Bromfield. Her first album, featuring covers of classic soul records, was released on 12 October 2009.[144] Winehouse is the backing singer on several tracks on the album and she performed backing vocals for Bromfield on the BBC's television programme Strictly Come Dancing on 10 October.[145]
Winehouse and her family are the subject of a 2009 documentary shot by Daphne Barak titled Saving Amy.[146] Winehouse entered into a joint venture in 2009 with EMI to launch a range of wrapping paper and gift cards containing song lyrics from her album Back to Black.[147] On 8 January 2010, a television documentary, My Daughter Amy, aired on Channel 4.[148]Saving Amy was released as a paperback book in January 2010.[149]
Winehouse collaborated on a 17 piece fashion collection with the Fred Perry label. It was released for sale in October 2010. According to Fred Perry's marketing director 'We had three major design meetings where she was closely involved in product style selection and the application of fabric, colour and styling details,' and gave 'crucial input on proportion, colour and fit.' The collection consists of 'vintage-inspired looks including Capri pants, a bowling dress, a trench coat, pencil skirts, a longline argyle sweater and a pink-and-black checkerboard-printed collared shirt.'[150][151] At the behest of her family, three forthcoming collections up to and including autumn/winter 2012 that she had designed prior to her death will be released.[152]
Awards and nominations
Among the awards and recognition for her debut album Frank, Winehouse earned an Ivor Novello Award from the British Academy of Songwriters for Best Contemporary Song ('Stronger Than Me'),[153] a Brit Award nomination for Best British Female Solo Artist,[154] and an inclusion in Robert Dimery's 2006 book, 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[155]
Her second studio album, Back to Black, produced numerous nominations, including two Brit Awards (Best British Album, and won her Best British Female Solo Artist), six Grammy Awards (including five wins),[11] four Ivor Novello Awards, four MTV Europe Music Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, three World Music Awards, and it was nominated for the Mercury Prize (Album of the Year) and a MOBO Awards (Best UK Female). During her career, Winehouse received 23 awards from 60 nominations.
Critical appraisal
The BBC's Garry Mulholland called Winehouse 'the pre-eminent vocal talent of her generation'.[156] According to AllMusic's Cyril Cordor, she was one of the UK's premier singers during the 2000s; 'fans and critics alike embraced her rugged charm, brash sense of humor, and distinctively soulful and jazzy vocals'.[157] In The Guardian, Caroline Sullivan later wrote that 'her idolisation of Dinah Washington and the Ronettes distinguished her from almost all newly minted pop singers of the early 2000s; her exceptionally-susceptible-to-heartbreak voice did the rest'.[158] Soon after Winehouse's death, a number of prominent critics assessed the singer's legacy: Maura Johnston from The Village Voice said, 'When she was on, Winehouse had few peers—she wasn’t an octave-jumper like other big divas of the moment, but her contralto had a snap to it that enriched even the simplest syllables with a full spectrum of emotion'; Sasha Frere-Jones of The New Yorker proclaimed, 'Nobody can match Winehouse’s unique transitions or her utterly weird phrasings. She sounded like an original sixties soul star, developed when the landscape had no rules. But now untrammeled traditionalism is in the lead and her beautiful footnote has been cut short. American soul—through visionaries like Erykah Badu and Janelle Monae and Jill Scott—had moved on. But Winehouse was a fine shepherd of the past.'[159]
By contrast, Robert Christgau dismissed Winehouse as 'a self-aggrandizing self-abuser who's taken seriously because she makes a show of soul'. In his opinion, the singer 'simulated gravitas by running her suicidal tendencies through an amalgam of 20th-century African-American vocal stylings—the slides, growls, and melismatic outcries that for many matures are now the only reliable signifiers of pop substance'.[160]
On 13 February 2012, Winehouse was ranked 26th on VH1's 100 Greatest Women in Music list.[161] In March 2017, singer-songwriter Bob Dylan said he was enjoying listening to Winehouse's last record (Back to Black), and called her 'the last real individualist around.'[162]
Image
Winehouse was influenced by soul girl groups such as The Ronettes, whose look she imitated.
Winehouse's greatest love was 1960s girl groups.[163] Her stylist, Alex Foden, borrowed her 'instantly recognisable' beehive hairdo (a weave[164][165]) and she borrowed her Cleopatra makeup from The Ronettes.[163] Her imitation was so successful, as The Village Voice reports: 'Ronnie Spector—who, it could be argued, all but invented Winehouse's style in the first place when she took the stage at the Brooklyn Fox Theater with her fellow Ronettes more than 40 years ago—was so taken aback at a picture of Winehouse in the New York Post that she exclaimed, 'I don't know her, I never met her, and when I saw that pic, I thought, 'That's me!' But then I found out, no, it's Amy! I didn't have on my glasses.'[166]
The New York Times style reporter, Guy Trebay, discussed the multiplicity of influences on Winehouse's style after her death. Trebay noted, 'her stylish husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, may have influenced her look.' Additionally, Trebay observed:
She was a 5-foot-3 almanac of visual reference, most famously to Ronnie Spector of the Ronettes, but also to the white British soul singer Mari Wilson, less famous for her sound than her beehive; to the punk god Johnny Thunders...; to the fierce council-house chicks... (see: Dior and Chanel runways, 2007 and 2008) ... to a lineage of bad girls, extending from Cleopatra to Louise Brooks's Lulu and including Salt-n-Pepa, to irresistible man traps that always seemed to come to the same unfortunate end.[167]
Former Rolling Stone editor Joe Levy, who had put her on the magazine's cover, broke her look down this way:
Just as her best music drew on sampling – assembling sonic licks and stylistic fragments borrowed from Motown, Stax, punk and early hip-hop – her personal style was also a knowing collage. There was a certain moment in the '90s when, if you were headed downtown and turned left, every girl looked like Bettie Page. But they did not do what Winehouse did, mixing Bettie Page with Brigitte Bardot and adding that little bit of Ronnie Spector.[167]
Mitch Winehouse later revealed that the influence for the bold red lipstick, thick eyebrows and heavy eyeliner came from Latinas she saw in Miami, on her trip there to work with Salaam Remi on Back to Black.[168] This same look, however, was repeatedly denigrated by the British press. At the same time that the NME Awards nominated Winehouse in the categories of 'Best Solo Artist' and 'Best Music DVD' in 2008, they awarded her 'Worst Dressed Performer.'[169][170] Winehouse was also ranked number two on Richard Blackwell's 48th annual 'Ten Worst Dressed Women' list, behind Victoria Beckham.[171]
Criticism
Winehouse in Los Angeles, May 2007
Winehouse's dichotomous public image of critical and commercial success versus personal turmoil prompted media comment. The New Statesman called Winehouse 'a filthy-mouthed, down-to-earth diva,'[172] while Newsweek called her 'a perfect storm of sex kitten, raw talent and poor impulse control.'[173] Karen Heller with The Philadelphia Inquirer summarised the maelstrom this way:
She's only 24 with six Grammy nominations, crashing headfirst into success and despair, with a codependent husband in jail, exhibitionist parents with questionable judgement, and the paparazzi documenting her emotional and physical distress. Meanwhile, a haute designer Karl Lagerfeld appropriates her dishevelled style and eating issues to market to the elite while proclaiming her the new Bardot.[174]
By 2008, her continued drug problems threatened her career. As Nick Gatfield, the president of Island Records, toyed with the idea of releasing Winehouse 'to deal with her problems,' he said, 'It's a reflection of her status [in the U.S.] that when you flick through the TV coverage [of the Grammys] it's her image they use.'[175] Post-Grammys, some questioned whether Winehouse should have been honoured with the awards given her recent personal and drug problems,[176][177][178] including Natalie Cole, who introduced Winehouse at the ceremony and who herself battled substance-abuse problems while winning a Grammy for Best New Artist in 1975.[179] (Winehouse was prevented from travelling to and performing at the Grammy Awards ceremony in the US due to failing a drug test.[72]) In a newspaper commentary, the executive director of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Antonio Maria Costa, said that the alleged drug habits of Winehouse and other celebrities sent a bad message 'to others who are vulnerable to addiction' and undermine the efforts of other celebrities trying to raise awareness of problems in Africa, now that more cocaine used in Europe passes through that continent.[180] Winehouse's spokesperson noted that 'Amy has never given a quote about drugs or flaunted it in any way. She's had some problems and is trying to get better. The U.N. should get its own house in order.'[181]
In January 2008, her record label stated it believed the extensive media coverage she had received increased record sales.[182] In an April 2008 poll conducted by Sky News, Winehouse was named the second greatest 'ultimate heroine' by the UK population at large, topping the voting for that category of those polled under 25 years old.[183] Psychologist Donna Dawson commented that the results demonstrated that women like Winehouse who had 'a certain sense of vulnerability or have had to fight against some adversity in their lives' received recognition.[183]
In July 2008, BBC Radio Scotland's head, Jeff Zycinski, stated that the BBC, and media in general, were complicit in undermining celebrities, including Winehouse.[184] He said that public interest in the singer's lifestyle did not make her lifestyle newsworthy. Rod McKenzie, editor of the BBC Radio One programme Newsbeat, replied: 'If you play [Amy Winehouse's] music to a certain demographic, those same people want to know what's happening in her private life. If you don't cover it, you're insulting young licence fee payers.'[184] In The Scotsman, British singer and songwriter Lily Allen was quoted to have said – 'I know Amy Winehouse very well. And she is very different to what people portray her as being. Yes, she does get out of her mind on drugs sometimes, but she is also a very clever, intelligent, witty, funny person who can hold it together. You just don't see that side.'[185]
Charity work
Throughout her life Winehouse donated her money, music and time to many charities, particularly those concerned with children. She was once named 'the most charitable act' by Pop World. While this side of her personality was never well known to the general public, throughout both the arts community and the charity community she was known for her generosity.[186]
In 2008, Winehouse appeared naked in an issue of Easy Living Magazine to raise awareness of breast cancer.[187] In 2009, she appeared on a CD called Classics alongside musicians such as The Rolling Stones, The Killers and many Cuban musicians to raise awareness of climate change. In March 2011, Winehouse donated over £20,000 worth of clothes to a local charity shop in London.[188][189]
In 2012, it was revealed that she had paid for the medical tests for a man called Julian Jean DeBaptiste in Saint Lucia in 2009. 'I had surgery on 1 July 2009... it cost a fortune and Amy paid for the whole thing. I tried to thank her but she just hugged me and told me not to say anything. Her generosity gave me my life back.'[190]
Legacy
Artwork and Tussauds wax figure
Wax figure of Winehouse at Madame Tussauds in London
London's Mall Galleries opened an exhibition in May 2008 that included a sculpture of Winehouse, titled Excess. The piece, created by Guy Portelli, had a miniature of the singer lying on top of a cracked champagne bottle, with a pool of spilled liquid underneath. The body was covered with what appeared to be tiny pills, while one outstretched hand held a glass.[191] Another piece, a print titled Celebrity 1 by artist Charlotte Suckling, was shown in the same exhibition.[191]
A wax sculpture of Winehouse went on display at the London Madame Tussauds on 23 July 2008. The singer did not attend the unveiling, although her parents did.[192] A sculpture by Marco Perego, titled The Only Good Rock Star Is a Dead Rock Star, that depicts Winehouse lying in a pool of blood with an apple and a bullet hole in her head after being shot by American novelist and Beat poet William S. Burroughs (in a recreation of the accidental killing of his wife Joan Vollmer),[193] was scheduled to go on display in New York's Half Gallery on 14 November 2008 with a sale price of US$100,000. Perego said of the sculpture: 'Rock stars are the sacrificial animals of society.' Winehouse's spokesperson stated: 'It's a funny kind of tribute. The artist seems in thrall to a tabloid persona that is not the real Amy. People often use her image to sell their work.'[193]
Bronze statue of Winehouse in Camden Town, London unveiled in September 2014
In 2012, Winehouse was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires.[194]
On 14 September 2014 (which would have been Winehouse's 31st birthday), a statue was unveiled of her, which was created by sculptor Scott Eaton, at Stables Market in Camden Town, north London. Fans and relatives gathered for the unveiling in Camden's Stable Market, where it will be a permanent memorial to her.[195] London-based Eaton, who sculpted the piece after being introduced to Winehouse's father Mitch, said the statue was meant to capture her 'attitude and strength, but also give subtle hints of insecurity.'[195] Her father Mitch said of the statue: 'Now Amy will oversee the comings and goings of her home town forever... Amy was in love with Camden and it is the place her fans from all over the world associate her with.'[196]
The next generation
British singer Adele has credited Winehouse's success in making her and fellow British singer Duffy's journey to the United States 'a bit smoother.'[197]Lady Gaga credited Winehouse with paving the way for her rise to the top of the charts, explaining that Winehouse made it easier for unconventional women to have mainstream pop success.[198]Raphael Saadiq, Anthony Hamilton and John Legend said 'Amy Winehouse was produced by people who wanted to create a marketing coup. The positive side is that it reacquainted an audience with this music and played an introductory role for others. This reinvigorated the genre by overcoming the vintage aspect.'[199]
Other artists that have credited Winehouse as an influence and/or for paving the way for them include Bruno Mars,[200]Tove Lo,[201]Ellie Goulding,[202]Jessie J,[203]Emeli Sandé,[204]Victoria Justice,[205]Paloma Faith,[206]Lana Del Rey,[207]Sam Smith,[208]Florence Welch,[209]Halsey,[210]Alessia Cara,[211]Daya,[212]Estelle,[213] and Jorja Smith.[214]
After the release of Back to Black, record companies sought out female artists with a similar sound and fearless and experimental female musicians in general. Adele and Duffy were the second wave of artists with a sound similar to Winehouse's. A third wave of female musicians that has emerged since the album was released are led by V V Brown, Florence and the Machine, La Roux and Little Boots.[215] In March 2011, the New York Daily News ran an article attributing the continuing wave of British female artists that have been successful in the United States to Winehouse and her absence. Spin magazine music editor Charles Aaron was quoted as saying 'Amy Winehouse was the Nirvana moment for all these women,' 'They can all be traced back to her in terms of attitude, musical styles or fashion.' According to Keith Caulfield, chart manager for Billboard, 'Because of Amy, or the lack thereof, the marketplace was able to get singers like Adele, Estelle and Duffy,' 'Now those ladies have brought on the new ones, like Eliza Doolittle, Rumer and Ellie.'[216]
Amy Winehouse Foundation
After the singer's death by alcohol intoxication in July 2011, the Amy Winehouse Foundation was set up by Winehouse's family and launched on 14 September 2011 (which would have been Winehouse's 28th birthday). Its aim is to help young people and it works with other charitable organisations to provide frontline support. Its central office is in North London, but it also has an office in New York (operating under the name 'The Amy Winehouse Foundation US').[217] Both Jon Snow and Barbara Windsor are patrons for the charity, and ambassadors include Keira Chaplin and Mica Paris. In October 2015 Mark Ronson became a patron.[218] Amy's brother Alex works full-time for the foundation, having given up his career as an online music journalist.[20]
The charity itself works to prevent the effects of drug and alcohol misuse on young people and it also aims to support, inform and inspire vulnerable and disadvantaged young people to help them reach their full potential.[219] On 12 March 2013, with the help of ex-addict Russell Brand, the Foundation launched the Amy Winehouse Foundation Resilience Programme For Schools across the UK which aims to provide effective education around drugs, alcohol and dealing with emotional issues.[220]
Films
Documentary film
A documentary film, Amy (2015), directed by Asif Kapadia, was released in the United Kingdom on 3 July and worldwide on 10 July. The film attempts to portray Winehouse as a 'Fragile Jewish girl' who had a great music talent but unfortunately became a victim to her addictions and eating disorder, while people who should have helped her did not.[221] The film received its première at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival on 16 May and has been reviewed as 'a tragic masterpiece', 'brilliant', 'heartbreaking' and 'unmissable'.[222] The soundtrack of the same name was released on 30 October 2015, along with the DVD that includes music featured in the documentary by film composer Antônio Pinto and classic tracks by Winehouse.
The film has received various accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 2016 Oscars, Best Music Film at the 2016 Grammy Awards, the BAFTA for Best Documentary, the MTV Movie Award for Best Documentary, in addition to a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best British Film.[223][224] The success of the film has also led Winehouse her second posthumous nomination for Best British Female Solo Artist at the 2016 Brit Awards.[225]
Biopic film
On 14 October 2018, it was announced that Winehouse's family had respectively signed a multimillion-pound deal with Monumental Pictures to make a biopic about her life, which will be directed by Alison Owen and produced by Debra Hayward. It is said that Winehouse's story will be adapted for the big screen by Geoff Deane, who has written comedy movies Kinky Boots (2005) and It's a Boy Girl Thing (2006). Winehouse's father, Mitch has said 'We have been approached many times. It's obviously something that we are going to do, 100 per cent. What we want is somebody to portray Amy in the way that she was... the funny, brilliant, charming and horrible person that she was. There's no point really me making the film because I'm her dad. But to get the right people to do it, that's very important, and we will'.[226] The project is scheduled to start filming in early 2019 and the funds are allegedly going towards the foundation, as well as the hologram tour.[227]
Hologram tour
On 11 October 2018, Winehouse's father Mitch announced that a worldwide hologram tour, set to start at the end of 2019 is in the works and would be accomplished with her live band and backing singers.[227] Mitch also stated: 'To see her perform again is something special that really can't be put into words. Our daughter's music touched the lives of millions of people and it means everything that her legacy will continue in this innovative and groundbreaking way.'[227] Winehouse will follow in the footsteps of singers Roy Orbison and Maria Callas who are also the subject of such tours from company, BASE Hologram. The tour is also said to be supported and to raise funds for the Amy Winehouse Foundation.[227] On 20 February 2019, it was announced that the tour had been postponed, due to unspecified issues with the production. BASE Hologram stated; 'We are putting the tour on hold until we determine the best path to a creatively spectacular production that would properly honour Amy's legacy at its highest caliber.' They did not reveal a timetable for rescheduling the dates.[228]
Personal life
Although Winehouse was raised Jewish and expressed pride in being Jewish, she was not religious.[229] During one interview, Winehouse said 'being Jewish to me is about being together as a real family. It's not about lighting candles and saying a bracha.'[21] Winehouse also frequently performed with a large Star of David medallion.[21]
In 2013, in memory of Winehouse the Jewish Museum London ran an exhibition titled 'Amy Winehouse: A Family Portrait'.[21] The museum researched about her paternal great-great-grandfather's arrival from Minsk in 1890, and how the family finally settled in London, starting out in working-class jobs before gradually moving to middle-class jobs.[21]
Winehouse had 14 known tattoos, including 'Daddy's Girl' on her left arm for her father and a pin-up girl of her Jewish grandmother, with the name 'Cynthia' on her right arm in memory.[230]
Relationships
Winehouse dated chef-musician Alex Clare (sometimes referred to as Alex Claire) in 2006, while on a break from her on-off boyfriend and future husband, Blake Fielder-Civil. She and Clare lived together briefly,[231] and in a pattern that Fielder-Civil would later repeat, Clare famously sold his story to the News of the World, which published it under the headline 'Bondage Crazed Amy Just Can't Beehive in Bed.'[232][233][234]
Fielder-Civil, a former video production assistant,[235] had dropped out of Bourne Grammar School and, aged 16, moved to London from his native Lincolnshire.[28] In a June 2007 interview, Winehouse admitted she could sometimes be violent toward him after she had been drinking, saying: 'If he says one thing I don't like, then I'll chin him.'[236] In August 2007, they were photographed, bloodied and bruised, in the streets of London after an alleged fight, although she contended her injuries were self-inflicted.[237] Winehouse married Fielder-Civil on 18 May 2007, in Miami Beach, Florida.[235]
Winehouse's parents and in-laws publicly reported their numerous concerns, the latter citing fears that the two might commit suicide. Fielder-Civil's father encouraged fans to boycott Winehouse's music, and Mitch Winehouse said this would not help.[238] Fielder-Civil was quoted in a British tabloid as saying he introduced Winehouse to crack cocaine and heroin.[239] During a visit with Mitch Winehouse at the prison in July 2008, Fielder-Civil reportedly said that he and Winehouse would cut themselves to ease the pain of withdrawal.[28]
From 21 July 2008 to 25 February 2009, Fielder-Civil was imprisoned following his guilty plea on charges of trying to pervert the course of justice and of grievous bodily harm with intent.[240][241] The incident, in July 2007, involved his assault of a pub landlord that broke the victim's cheek.[242] According to the prosecution, the landlord accepted £200,000 as part of a deal to 'effectively throw the [court] case and not turn up,' and he testified that the money belonged to Winehouse,[243] but she pulled out of a meeting with the men involved in the plot, to attend an awards ceremony.[244] Mitch Winehouse, as manager of his daughter's money, has denied the payoff came from her.[72]
When Winehouse was spotted with aspiring actor Josh Bowman on holiday in Saint Lucia, in early January 2009, she said she was 'in love again, and I don't need drugs.'[245] She commented that her 'whole marriage was based on doing drugs' and that 'for the time being I've just forgotten I'm even married.'[245] On 12 January, Winehouse's spokesman confirmed that 'papers have been received' for what Fielder-Civil's solicitor has said are divorce proceedings based on a claim of adultery.[246][247] In March, Winehouse was quoted in a magazine as saying, 'I still love Blake and I want him to move into my new house with me—that was my plan all along ... I won't let him divorce me. He's the male version of me and we're perfect for each other.'[248] Nonetheless, an uncontested divorce was granted on 16 July 2009 and became final on 28 August 2009.[249] Fielder-Civil received no money in the settlement.[16][250]
After Winehouse's death, Pete Doherty said that he and Winehouse had been lovers at one point. Speaking to the Daily Mail about it he said 'This is difficult for me to admit. But, yes, it's true. Amy and I were lovers. I loved her then and, well, I still do today. But towards the end, as only lovers can, she became quite mean and cruel to me. She didn't suffer fools…and believe me, she had a mean right hook.'[251] However, in July 2008, when Rolling Stone reporter Claire Hoffman asked Winehouse about her relationship with Doherty, Winehouse replied: 'We're just good friends', and added: 'I asked Pete to do a concept EP, and he made this face, he looked at me like I'd pooed on the floor. He wouldn't do it. We're just really close'.[252]
Substance abuse and mental illness
Winehouse's battles with substance abuse were the subject of much media attention. In 2005, she went through a period of drinking, heavy drug use, and weight loss.[16][28] People who saw her during the end of that year and early 2006 reported a rebound that coincided with the writing of Back to Black.[28] Her family believes that the mid-2006 death of her grandmother, who was a stabilising influence, set her off into addiction.[28] In August 2007, Winehouse cancelled a number of shows in the UK and Europe, citing exhaustion and ill health. She was hospitalised during this period for what was reported as an overdose of heroin, ecstasy, cocaine, ketamine and alcohol.[253] In various interviews, she admitted to having problems with self-harm, depression, and eating disorders.[19][153]
Winehouse told a magazine that the drugs were to blame for her hospitalisation and that 'I really thought that it was over for me then.'[254] Soon afterward, Winehouse's father commented that when he had made public statements regarding her problems he was using the media because it seemed the only way to get through to her.[255] In an interview with The Album Chart Show on British television, Winehouse said she was manic depressive and not alcoholic, adding that that sounded like 'an alcoholic in denial.'[256] A US reporter writes that Winehouse was a 'victim of mental illness in a society that doesn't understand or respond to mental illness with great effectiveness.'[257]
In December 2007, Winehouse's spokesman reported that the singer was in a physician-supervised programme and was channelling her difficulties by writing a lot of music.[258] The British tabloid The Sun posted a video of a woman, alleged to be Winehouse, apparently smoking crack cocaine and speaking of having taken ecstasy and valium. Winehouse's father moved in with her,[259] and Island Records, her record label, announced the abandonment of plans for an American promotion campaign on her behalf.[175] In late January 2008, Winehouse reportedly entered a rehabilitation facility for a two-week treatment program.[260]
On 23 January 2008, the video was passed on to the Metropolitan Police,[175] who questioned her on 5 February.[261] No charges were brought. On 26 March 2008, Winehouse's spokesman said she was 'doing well.'[262] Her record company reportedly believed that her recovery remained fragile.[263] By late April 2008, her erratic behaviour, including an allegation of assault, caused fear that her drug rehabilitation efforts had been unsuccessful,[264] leading to efforts by Winehouse's father and manager to seek assistance in having her detained under the Mental Health Act 1983.[265] Her dishevelled appearance during and after a scheduled club night in September sparked new rumours of a relapse. Photographers were quoted as saying she appeared to have cuts on her legs and arms.[266]
According to her physician, Winehouse quit illegal substances in 2008.[267] In an October 2010 interview, speaking of her decision to quit drugs, Winehouse said, 'I literally woke up one day and was like, 'I don't want to do this any more'.'[268] Drinking alcohol emerged as a problem with Winehouse abstaining for a few weeks then lapsing.[267] The physician said that Winehouse was treated with Librium for alcohol withdrawal and anxiety, and underwent psychological and psychiatric evaluations in 2010, but refused psychological therapy.[267]
Violence and legal difficulties
In 2006, Winehouse admitted to punching a female fan in the face for criticising her having taken Blake Fielder-Civil as a husband. She then attacked her own spouse as he attempted to calm her down, kneeing him in the crotch.[236] In October 2007, Winehouse and Fielder-Civil were arrested in Bergen, Norway, for possession of seven grams of cannabis. The couple were later released and fined 3850 kroner (around £350).[269] Winehouse first appealed the fines,[269][270] but later dropped the appeal.[271]
On 26 April 2008, Winehouse was cautioned after she admitted to police she slapped a 38-year-old man in the face, a 'common assault' offence, her first of two. She voluntarily turned herself in and was held overnight. Police said, at her arrival she was 'in no fit state' to be interviewed.[272] Ten days later, Winehouse was arrested on suspicion of possessing drugs after a video of her apparently smoking crack cocaine was passed to the police in January, but was released on bail a few hours later because they could not confirm, from the video, what she was smoking.[253][273] The Crown Prosecution Service considered charging her, but cleared her when it could not establish that the substance in the video was a controlled drug.[274] Some members of Parliament reacted negatively.[275] Two London residents were subsequently charged with conspiracy to supply cocaine and ecstasy to Winehouse.[276] One of the pair was sentenced to two years in prison on 13 December 2008, while the other received a two-year community order.[277]
On 5 March 2009, Winehouse was arrested and charged with common assault following a claim by Sharene Flash that Winehouse hit her in the eye at the September 2008 Prince's Trust charity ball.[278] Winehouse's spokesperson announced the cancellation of the singer's US Coachella Festival appearance in light of the new legal issue,[279] and Winehouse appeared in court on 17 March to enter her plea of not guilty.[280] On 23 July, her trial began with prosecutor Lyall Thompson charging that Winehouse acted with 'deliberate and unjustifiable violence' while appearing to be under the influence of alcohol or another substance. She testified that she did not punch Flash, but tried to push her away because she was scared of her; she cited her worry that Flash would sell her story to a tabloid, Flash's height advantage, and Flash's 'rude' behaviour.[281][282] On 24 July, District Judge Timothy Workman ruled that Winehouse was not guilty, citing the facts that all but two of the witnesses were intoxicated at the time of the incident and that medical evidence did not show 'the sort of injury that often occurs when there is a forceful punch to the eye.'[283]
On 19 December 2009, Winehouse was arrested for a third time on charges of common assault, plus another charge of public order offence after assaulting the front-of-house manager of the Milton Keynes Theatre after he asked her to move from her seat.[284] Winehouse plead guilty to the charges and was given a conditional discharge.[285]
Paparazzi
With the paparazzi taking photographs of her wherever they could, Winehouse obtained an injunction against a leading paparazzi agency, Big Pictures, under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997; the resultant court order issued by the High Court in 2009 banned them from following her.[286] Photographers were also banned from following her within 100 metres of her London home and photographing Winehouse in her home or the homes of her friends and relatives. According to a newspaper report, sources close to the singer said legal action was taken out of concern for the safety of Winehouse and those close to her.[286]
Respiratory and other health problems
On 23 June 2008, Winehouse's publicist corrected earlier misstatements by Mitch Winehouse that his daughter had early stage emphysema, instead claiming she had signs of what could lead to early-stage emphysema.[287] Mitch Winehouse had also stated that his daughter's lungs were operating at 70 percent capacity and that she had an irregular heartbeat. He said that these problems had been caused by her chain smoking crack cocaine. The singer's father also reported that doctors had warned Winehouse that, if she continued smoking crack cocaine, she would have to wear an oxygen mask and would eventually die.[288] In a radio interview, Mitch Winehouse said the singer was responding 'fabulously' to treatment, which included being covered with nicotine patches.[289] British Lung Foundation spokesman Keith Prowse noted this type of condition could be managed with treatment. Prowse also said the condition was not normal for a person her age but 'heavy smoking and inhaling other substances like drugs can age the lungs prematurely.'[290] Norman H. Edelman of the American Lung Association explained that if she stopped smoking, her lung functions would decline at the rate of a normal person, but continued smoking would lead to a more rapid decline in lung function.[291]
Winehouse was released from the London Clinic 24 hours after returning from a temporary leave to perform at Nelson Mandela's 90th birthday and at a concert in Glastonbury, and continued receiving treatment as an outpatient.[292] In July 2008, Winehouse stated that she had been diagnosed with 'some areas of emphysema' and said she was getting herself together by 'eating loads of healthy food, sleeping loads, playing my guitar, making music and writing letters to my husband every day.'[293] She also kept a vertical tanning bed in her flat.[165] Winehouse began precautionary testing on her lungs and chest on 25 October 2008[294] at the London Clinic for what was reported as a chest infection. Winehouse was in and out of the facility and was granted permission to set her own schedule regarding home leave.[105] She returned to the hospital on 23 November 2008 for a reported reaction to her medication.[295]
Death
Tributes outside Amy Winehouse's home at Camden Square days following her death on 23 July 2011
Winehouse's bodyguard said that he had arrived at her residence three days before her death and felt she had been somewhat intoxicated. He observed moderate drinking over the next few days. He observed her 'laughing, listening to music and watching TV at 2 a.m. the day of her death'. According to the bodyguard, at 10 a.m. he observed her lying on her bed and tried unsuccessfully to rouse her. This did not raise much suspicion because she usually slept late after a night out. According to the bodyguard, shortly after 3p.m., he checked on her again and observed her lying in the same position as before, leading to a further check, in which he concluded that she was not breathing and had no pulse. He said he subsequently called emergency services.[267]
At 3:54p.m. BST on 23 July 2011, two ambulances were called to Winehouse's home in Camden, London.[296][297] Winehouse was pronounced dead at the scene. Shortly afterwards, the Metropolitan Police confirmed that she had died.[298] After her death was announced, media and camera crews appeared, as crowds gathered near Winehouse's residence to pay their respects. Forensic investigators entered the flat as police cordoned off the street outside; they recovered one small and two large bottles of vodka from her room.[267] After her death, the singer broke her second Guinness World Record: for the most songs by a woman to simultaneously appear on the UK singles chart, with eight.[299]
A coroner's inquest reached a verdict of misadventure. The report released on 26 October 2011 explained that Winehouse's blood alcohol content was 416mg per 100ml (0.416%) at the time of her death, more than five times the legal drink-drive limit.[267] According to the coroner, 'The unintended consequences of such potentially fatal levels was her sudden death.'[300]
Romanian singers Rona Hartner, Paula Seling, Nico and Maria Radu performing at a memorial Amy Winehouse concert in Bucharest on 23 October 2011
Winehouse's record label, Universal Republic, released a statement that read in part: 'We are deeply saddened at the sudden loss of such a gifted musician, artist and performer.'[301] Many musical artists have since paid tribute to Winehouse including U2, M.I.A., Lady Gaga, Marianne Faithfull, Bruno Mars, Nicki Minaj, Keisha Buchanan, Rihanna, George Michael, Adele, Kelly Clarkson, Courtney Love,[302] and the punk rock band Green Day, who wrote a song in her tribute titled 'Amy'.[303] In her 2012 album Banga, singer Patti Smith released 'This Is the Girl,' written as a homage to Winehouse.[304]Mark Ronson dedicated his UK number one album Uptown Special to Winehouse, stating: 'I'm always thinking of you and inspired by you.'[305] There was a large amount of media attention devoted to the 27 Club once again.[306] Three years earlier, she had expressed a fear of dying at that age.[307]
Family and friends attended Winehouse's funeral on 26 July 2011 at Edgwarebury Lane cemetery in north London.[308][309][310] Her mother and father, Janis and Mitch Winehouse, close friend Kelly Osbourne, producer Mark Ronson, and her boyfriend Reg Traviss were among those in attendance at the private service led by Rabbi Frank Hellner.[308][309] Her father delivered the eulogy, saying 'Goodnight, my angel, sleep tight. Mummy and Daddy love you ever so much.'[308] Carole King's 'So Far Away' closed the service with mourners singing along.[311] She was later cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.[312] The family planned to sit a two-day shiva.[312] Winehouse's parents set up The Amy Winehouse Foundation to prevent harm from drug misuse among young people, and Amy Winehouse's brother Alex is an employee.[20][313] Winehouse did not leave a will; her estate was inherited by her parents.[314]
On 17 December 2012, British authorities reopened the probe of Winehouse's death.[315] On 8 January 2013, a second inquest confirmed that Winehouse died of accidental alcohol poisoning.[316] In a late June 2013 interview, Alex Winehouse revealed his belief that his sister's eating disorder, and the consequent physical weakness, was the primary cause of her death:
She suffered from bulimia very badly. That's not, like, a revelation – you knew just by looking at her… She would have died eventually, the way she was going, but what really killed her was the bulimia… I think that it left her weaker and more susceptible. Had she not had an eating disorder, she would have been physically stronger.[20]
Posthumous retrospectives
Winehouse's parents have each written memoirs about their daughter and donated the proceeds from both books to the Amy Winehouse Foundation. In the introduction to Mitch Winehouse's biography, entitled Amy: My Daughter (2012), he explained: 'Apart from being her father, I was also her friend, confidant and adviser—not that she always took my advice, but she always heard me out.'[317] Her mother Janis published Loving Amy: A Mother's Story, in 2014.[318]
Winehouse is the subject of Amy (2015), a documentary directed by Asif Kapadia and produced by James Gay-Rees, Kapadia, and Universal Music.[319] Kapadia and Gay-Rees introduced the project at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.[320] The film debuted at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival[321] and won the 2016 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.[322]
An exhibit of Winehouse's personal items, co-curated by her brother and sister-in-law, entitled Amy Winehouse: A Family Portrait, was on display at the Jewish Museum London from 3 July 2013 until 15 September 2013.[323] Display items, such as books and music, were featured together with captions written by Winehouse's brother.[324]
In late 2011, there were reports that Winehouse's former boyfriend, Reg Traviss, was developing a film about her. Winehouse's father Mitch Winehouse, who owns the copyright to his daughter's music, said he would not authorise the use of her music for the film.[325][326]
In 2018, a documentary film based on Winehouse's album Back to Black, Amy Winehouse – Back to Black was released.[327] It contains new interviews[328] as well as archival footage.[326] It was made by Eagle Vision[329] and produced by Gil Cang.[330] Released on DVD on 2 November 2018, the film features interviews by producers Ronson & Remi, who worked half and half on the album, along with the Dap Kings, Remi's music team, Ronnie Spector from The Ronettes and close ones to Winehouse, including Nick Shymansky, Juliette Ashby and Dionne Bromfield.[329] The film is accompanied by An Intimate Evening in London, footage of a show Winehouse gave at Riverside Studios, London in 2008.[329]
Discography
- Frank (2003)
- Back to Black (2006)
Filmography
- Amy (2015)
- Amy Winehouse: Back to Black (2018)
References
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- ^'Amy Winehouse's comeback tour going about as well as you'd expect'. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.. The A.V. Club. The Onion.
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- ^ ab'Singer Amy Winehouse weds in Miami Beach'. Yahoo! News. Associated Press. 18 May 2007. Archived from the original on 18 May 2007.
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- ^'Singer absent from 'plot' meeting'. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.. BBC News. 11 June 2008.
- ^ ab'Amy Winehouse's husband seeks divorce'. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009.. CNN. 12 January 2009.
- ^'Amy Winehouse's husband to file for divorce'. MSNBC. Associated Press. 12 January 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
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- ^Isola, Laurie (7 July 2010). 'Blake Fielder-Civil received nothing in Amy Winehouse split'. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011.. SFGate.
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- ^Hoffman, Claire (10 July 2008). 'Up All Night With Amy Winehouse: Rolling Stone's 2008 Story'. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ abSingh, Anita (8 May 2008). 'Amy Winehouse bailed over drugs video'. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
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- ^'Who'd be a pop star's parent?'. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013.. BBC News. 17 March 2008.
- ^Salahi, Lara (25 July 2011). 'Amy Winehouse: Career Shadowed by Manic Depression'. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.. ABC News.
- ^Sparber, Max (25 July 2011). 'On the death of Amy Winehouse'. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011.. MinnPost. Her mental illness described also in Milloy, Courtland (24 July 2011). 'Amy Winehouse another tragic victim of manic depression'. The Washington Post. and Satel, Sally (27 July 2011). 'Amy Winehouse's Killers'. The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
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- ^'Amy takes the rehab route'. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009.. The Times of India. 12 January 2009.
- ^'Winehouse Questioned About Drugs'. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014.. The New York Times. 7 February 2008.
- ^'Rep: Amy Winehouse Not Returning to Rehab'. Archived from the original on 30 March 2008.. Us Magazine. 26 March 2008.
- ^Sherwin, Adam (21 March 2008). 'Rep: Amy Winehouse Not Returning to Rehab'. Archived from the original on 30 March 2008.. The Times.
- ^Miller, Vikki (26 April 2008). 'Rep: Amy Winehouse Not Returning to Rehab'. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008.. The Daily Telegraph.
- ^'Papa Winehouse 'committed' to Amy's care'. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008.. Boston Herald.
- ^Gregory, Jason (12 September 2008). 'Amy Winehouse Sparks New Health Fears After Wild Night Out'. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012.. Gigwise.
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- ^White, Nicholas (27 December 2007). 'Amy Winehouse summoned to appear in court in Norway for drug conviction'. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008.. People.
- ^'Amy Winehouse drops drug case appeal in Norway'. USA Today. Associated Press. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
- ^'Winehouse cautioned over assault'. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008.. BBC News. 26 April 2008.
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- ^'CPS statement: Amy Winehouse suspected drug abuse'. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008.. Crown Prosecution Service. 30 May 2008.
- ^Sahu, Nina (15 May 2008). 'Amy Winehouse escapes charges over drug video'. TopNews.in. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
- ^'Winehouse drug accused in court'. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008.. BBC News. 1 July 2008.
- ^'Jail for Winehouse drug plot man'. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008.. BBC News. 12 December 2008.
- ^Itzkoff, Dave (6 March 2009). 'Winehouse Charged With Assaulting Fan'. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009.. The New York Times.
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- ^'Winehouse denies assault charge'. Archived from the original on 20 March 2009.. ITV. 17 March 2009.
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- ^'Amy Winehouse: I'm too short to have punched anyone'. The Times. 23 July 2009.
- ^'Winehouse not guilty of assault'. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009.. BBC News. 24 July 2009.
- ^Naughton, Philippe (24 December 2009). 'Rep: Amy Winehouse Not Returning to Rehab'. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010.. The Times.
- ^'Amy Winehouse admits pantomime assault'. BBC News. 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ abDowell, Ben; Robinson, James (1 May 2009). 'Amy Winehouse wins court ban on paparazzi at her home'. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.. The Guardian.
- ^'Spokeswoman: Amy Winehouse doesn't have emphysema'. USA Today. 23 June 2008.
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- ^Schmidt, Veronica (23 June 2008). 'Amy Winehouse diagnosed with emphysema'. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011.. Times Online.
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- ^'Ronson dedicates album to Winehouse'. Irish Independent. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
- ^Chaney, Jen; Hughes, Sarah Anne (23 July 2011). 'Amy Winehouse, Jimi Hendrix, Kurt Cobain and the 27 Club'. The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
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- ^ abcLevy, Glen (26 July 2011). ''Good Night, My Angel': Friends and Family Gather for Amy Winehouse's Funeral'. Time. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ abSaunders, Emma (26 July 2011). 'Singer Amy Winehouse bows out gracefully'. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011.. BBC News.
- ^'Family plan private funeral for Amy Winehouse'. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011.. BBC News. 25 July 2011.
- ^'Amy Winehouse Laid to Rest'. Chicago's B96. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
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- ^'Amy Winehouse foundation for addiction planned'. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011.. BBC News. 27 July 2011.
- ^Mayoras, Danielle; Mayoras, Andy (28 March 2012). 'Amy Winehouse Didn't Have a Will After All, But Did Have Millions'. Forbes. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^Duke, Alan (18 December 2012). 'Amy Winehouse death probe reopened'. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012.. CNN.
- ^'Amy Winehouse inquest: Singer drank herself to death'. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014.. BBC News. 8 January 2013.
- ^Winehouse 2012, p. ix.
- ^Winehouse, Janis (23 September 2014). 'Interview: Janis Winehouse'. The Jewish Chronicle (Interview). Interviewed by Charlotte Oliver. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
- ^Itzkoff, David (25 April 2013). 'Amy Winehouse Documentary Coming From Director of 'Senna''. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
- ^McNary, Dave (24 April 2013). 'Amy Winehouse Documentary Planned by 'Senna' Director'. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013.. Variety.
- ^Macnab, Geoffrey. 'Amy, Cannes film review: Brilliant, unutterably sad film depicts the descent of Amy Winehouse'. The Independent. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
- ^Clark, Jessica. 'All the winners from the 2016 Oscars'. Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
- ^'Past Exhibitions: Amy Winehouse: A Family Portrait'. Jewish Museum London. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
- ^Brown, Mark (4 July 2013). 'Amy Winehouse's possessions go on display at Jewish Museum in London'. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013.. The Guardian.
- ^Boardman, Madeline (22 November 2013). 'Amy Winehouse's Dad Shoots Down Movie Rumors'. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013.. The Huffington Post.
- ^ abBliss, Karen (20 September 2018). 'Amy Winehouse 'Back to Black' Documentary Offers Revealing Commentary from Mark Ronson, Salaam Remi & More'. Billboard. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^Snapes, Laura (12 October 2018). 'Hologram of Amy Winehouse set for 2019 worldwide tour'. The Guardian. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^Bowenbank, Starr (19 September 2018). 'Amy Winehouse 'Back to Black' Documentary Announced: Watch the Trailer'. Billboard. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ abcMaicki, Salvatore (20 September 2018). 'A new documentary on Amy Winehouse's Back to Black is in the works'. The Fader. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^Cook-Wilson, Winston (19 September 2018). 'New Amy Winehouse Doc About the Making of Back to Black Announced'. Spin. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
Sources
- Winehouse, Mitch (2012). Amy, My Daughter. HarperCollins. ISBN9780062191397.
Further reading
- Winehouse, Janis (2014). Loving Amy: A Mother's Story. Random House. ISBN9781473508163.
External links
- Official website
- Amy Winehouse at Curlie
- Amy Winehouse at AllMusic
- 'Amy Winehouse collected news and commentary'. The Guardian.
- Amy Winehouse collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amy_Winehouse&oldid=900285420'
'Back to Black' | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Single by Amy Winehouse | ||||
from the album Back to Black | ||||
Released | 30 April 2007 | |||
Format | ||||
Recorded |
| |||
Genre | Soul | |||
Length | 4:00 | |||
Label | Island | |||
Songwriter(s) | ||||
Producer(s) | Mark Ronson | |||
Amy Winehouse singles chronology | ||||
| ||||
Audio sample | ||||
Music video | ||||
'Back to Black' on YouTube |
'Back to Black' is a song by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse. It was released by Island Records on 30 April 2007 as the third single from Winehouse's second and final studio albumof the same name. The song was written by Winehouse and Mark Ronson, and produced by Ronson. 'Back to Black' was inspired by Winehouse's relationship with Blake Fielder-Civil, who had left her for an ex-girlfriend.
'Back to Black' received universal acclaim by music critics, who generally praised its throwback sound to girl groups from the 1960s. It was included on several compiled year and decade-end lists of the best in music and was further considered to be one of Winehouse's signature songs. The single peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart in the United Kingdom and is Winehouse's third best-selling single in that country. Many cover versions by various artists were recorded for the song; most notably, Beyoncé and André 3000 covered it for the soundtrack of the 2013 film adaptation of the novel The Great Gatsby (1925).
A documentary film based on the life and death of Winehouse, Amy (2015) features a videoed tape of Winehouse recording the song with Mark Ronson, in March 2006 and an a cappella melody was featured on the film's soundtrack.
- 7Charts
- 10Beyoncé and André 3000 version
Background and composition[edit]
'Back to Black' was written by Amy Winehouse and Mark Ronson with the latter also serving as its producer. The track was recorded in three studios – Chung King Studios and Daptone Studios located in New York City and Metropolis Studios in London.[1] 'Back to Black' was inspired by her relationship with Blake Fielder-Civil. He had left Winehouse for an ex-girlfriend, leaving her going to 'black,' which to the listener may appear to refer to drinking and depression. However, the 'black' to which she refers is more likely heroin, to which she was openly addicted; 'black' is the second most common street name for heroin in Los Angeles.[2]
'Back to Black' explores elements of old school soul music.[3] The song's sound and beat have been described as similar to vintage girl groups from the 1960s.[4][5] Its production was noted for its Wall of Sound.[4][6] Winehouse expresses feelings of hurt and bitterness for a boyfriend who has left her; however, throughout the lyrics she 'remains strong' exemplified in the opening lines, 'He left no time to regret, Kept his dick wet, With his same old safe bet, Me and my head high, And my tears dry, Get on without my guy'.[7] The song's lyrical content consists of a sad goodbye to a relationship with the lyrics being frank.[5][8]Slant Magazine writer Sal Cinquemani suggested that the protagonist's lover may be committed to cocaine instead of another woman.[9] John Murphy of musicOMH compared the song's introduction to songs by Jimmy Mack, adding that it continues to a 'much darker place' than the aforementioned artist's work.[3]
Critical reception[edit]
The song has received universal critical acclaim by music critics. A writer from the website 4Music awarded the song ten stars out of ten in a review saying it managed to be as good as the 1960s girl group classics from which it was influenced. The writer went on to praise the 'thoroughly modern Amy, who writes her own songs about love and sex and drugs and knows her own mind, but still gets hurt in a way only grown-ups can get hurt'.[10] Matt Harvey from BBC felt that the song owed to the 'sonic heritage' of singers Phil Spector and Scott Walker and went on to call it 'a tortured monster of a track - Amy displaying the sort of vocal depth that Marc Almond has always dreamed of'.[11]AllMusic writer John Bush found universality in the song and opined that even Joss Stone could take it to the top of the music charts.[12] Alex Denney from the website Drowned in Sound found 'grit and gravitas' in Back to Black best shown in its title song with a 'heart-stopping shuffle' and lyrics about a man's philander.[13]
In 2007, the song was included at the position of 39 on Popjustice's list of the year's best in music.[14] Slant Magazine also mentioned it in their respective list of the best singles of the year, with Sal Cinquemani writing, '[It] is not only the singer's finest moment but producer Mark Ronson's as well'.[9] Writers of Rolling Stone magazine placed 'Back to Black' at number 98 on their list of the 100 best Songs of the '00s praising Winehouse's trademark 'stormily soulful' vocals and the updated sensibility.[4]NME editors listed it at 61 on an eponomyous list for the magazine, writing that the song proved the album's real depth and added, 'Hard faced and broken-souled, its knowing wallowing spoke to anyone who'd ever had a bunnyboiler moment'.[8] 'Back to Black' was further considered to be one of Winehouse's signature songs. Justin Myers writing for the Official Charts Company remarked that it was the singer's most 'anguished' song while also being '[h]eartbreakingly autobiographical' at the same time.[5] Tim Chester of NME also wrote that 'Back to Black' was a song by which the singer should be remembered following her death, with Motown influence in her trademark vocal performance along with its powerful lyrics.[15]
Commercial performance[edit]
Pre-release, the song charted in the UK Singles Chart on downloads alone for five consecutive weeks, peaking at number 40.[16] The single charted at number 25 in 2007 once it had been released in physical format which also became its peak position in that country.;[5][17] The song has spent 34 non-consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart to date. It has re-entered with 'Rehab' together on the chart. The song featured on BBC Radio 1's The B List Playlist during the week commencing 2 May.[18] With sales of 96,000, 'Back to Black' finished as the UK's 85th biggest-selling single of 2007. On 31 July 2011, following her death, the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at 8, also giving the song a new peak position and second top ten hit in UK. As of September 2014, 'Back to Black' has sold 340.000 copies in the UK and is Winehouse's third best-selling single in that country.[5] In America, due to strong digital sales of the single over the years, 'Back to Black' was certified platinum for over 1,000,000 sales/downloads by the RIAA in January 2015.[19]
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by Phil Griffin and features a funeral procession in which Winehouse mourns over a grave that reads 'R.I.P. the Heart of Amy Winehouse'. The shot of the headstone was edited out after the singer's death in 2011. The video was primarily shot near Gibson Gardens and Chesholm Road in Stoke Newington, London. The graveyard scenes were filmed at Abney Park Cemetery in north-east London. According to the official Winehouse website, 'Amy's sultry new video for Back In Black [sic] is both beautifully and artistically shot in black-and-white and compares in imagery a doomed love affair with that of a funeral.'[20] At the 2007 Music of Black Origin Awards (MOBO), the music video for the song was nominated in the category for Best Video but lost to Kanye West's 'Stronger' (2007).[21][22] Myers of the Official Charts Company deemed the clip 'super-sad' and felt it went further on the song's main theme of goodbye.[5] As of January 2019, the video has over 400 million views on YouTube.[23]
Usage in media[edit]
- During 2007, the song was also used various times for TV trail campaigns, such as for BBC's Philip Pullman adaptation The Shadow in the North in December 2007.
- The song was used in the pilot episode of Gossip Girl.
- Phil Tufnell and his dance partner Katya Virshilas performed a tango to 'Back to Black' in the seventh series of Strictly Come Dancing.
- A sample of 'Back to Black' was used by screamo band Comadre in the song 'Binge', which is about Amy Winehouse and the downward spiral leading to her death.
- The song was used as part of Mexican telenovela Llena de Amor for English-born Mexican actress Azela Robinson for her stripper character (La Reina).
- The song was used in a Canadian trailer for the BBC America/Space program Orphan Black.
- In 2013, 'Back to Black' was included on the soundtrack of the film About Time (2013).[24]
- The song was used in the teaser trailer and official trailer for the 2015 documentary film about Winehouse, Amy.
- The song appeared in instrumental form in the HBO TV series, Westworld.
- In 2017, 'Back to Black' was played at the end of the first episode of season 7 of the TV series, Suits, once again at the end of the twentieth six episode of season 4 of the TV series The Mindy Project, again on the first episode of the fifth season of the same TV show.
Track listings and formats[edit]
|
|
- Digital download – Remixes & B-Sides EP (2015)[29]
- 'Back to Black' (The Rumble Strips Remix) – 3:49
- 'Back to Black' (Mushtaq Vocal Remix) – 4:03
- 'Back to Black' (Original Demo) – 3:01
- 'Back to Black' (Vodafone Live at TBA) – 3:53
- 'Back to Black' (Steve Mac Vocal) – 6:03
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
| Year-end charts[edit]
|
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region | Certification | Certified units/Sales |
---|---|---|
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[42] | Gold | 15,000^ |
Germany (BVMI)[43] | Gold | 150,000^ |
Greece (IFPI Greece)[36] | Platinum | 15,000^ |
Italy (FIMI)[44] | Platinum | 20,000* |
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[45] | Gold | 25,000^ |
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[46] | Platinum | 30,000^ |
United Kingdom (BPI)[47] | Platinum | 600,000^ |
United States (RIAA)[48] | Platinum | 1,000,000^ |
*sales figures based on certification alone ^shipments figures based on certification alone |
Other versions[edit]
- A cover version of 'Back to Black' by the English band The Rumble Strips appears as a B-side to their 2007 'Motorcycle' EP.
- On the fourth season of the UK TV talent show The X Factor in 2007, the girl group Hope covered the song during one of their live performances.
- Lightspeed Champion included a cover of this song as a B-side to their 2008 single 'Tell Me What It's Worth'. His version was a stripped-down rendition, from a different gender perspective. Priya Elan of NME considered his cover to be one of the best covers by a song by Winehouse classifiying it as 'suitably distraught and heartbroken'.[49]
- 'Back to Black' was covered twice on the Live Lounge segment of BBC Radio 1's The Jo Whiley Show, first by Elbow on 5 June 2008 and later by Glasvegas on 1 September 2008. Elbow's version contained a string accompaniment which backed the lead singer's vocals.[49]
- The song appeared on French singer Amanda Lear's 2009 album, Brief Encounters.[50] The cover was also released as a single on 13 December 2012 containing three versions of the song; the album version, an acoustic version and a 'Dance Amanda's Vino Della Casa Mix'.[51] The writers of the website Idolator, described her cover as 'one of the strangest Amy Winehouse covers'.[52]
- 'Back to Black' was covered in 2010 by Paije Richardson during the seventh series of the UK TV talent show The X Factor in one of the live shows.
- Ronnie Spector has occasionally performed a rendition of 'Back to Black' during live performances. A version recorded by her was released through iTunes Store on 2 August 2011.[53]
- The song was covered in 2011 on Glee in the second season episode 'Funeral' by Naya Rivera's character Santana Lopez.[54]
- On 29 July 2011, during a performance at I Want My MTV Ibiza, Mark Ronson covered 'Back to Black' with Charlie Waller as a tribute to Winehouse, several days after her death. He revealed that the song was one of the first songs they had written together. He also told the crowd that Waller's inclusion for the performance was due to Winehouse's positive reaction after hearing his cover of 'Back to Black' with The Rumble Strips.[55] A writer of MTV UK praised his performance, saying that it was sending 'a tingle down the spine and causing the hairs on the back of your neck to stand on end'.[56]
- 'Back to Black' was performed by English singer Florence Welch during the VH1 Divas concert at Hammerstein Ballroom on 18 December 2011 in New York City. Welch performed the song as a tribute to Winehouse after her death.[57] Mark Graham of VH1 praised Welch's performance of the song, noting that thanks to it Winehouse's musical legacy was cemented.[58]
- A German version was produced and sung by Ivo Lotion.
- A version was made by the 2 Tone ska band, The Selecter, featuring on their 2011 album, Made in Britain, but the single release was cancelled, out of respect, when it coincided with Winehouse's own death.
- A cover was also performed by Jacquie Lee, Season 5 finalist for U.S. TV reality singing competition, The Voice.
- On 25 June 2012, Ronson played a previously unheard and unmastered version of the song on BBC Radio 6.[59]
- Top 2 contestant of Season 10's Idols South Africa in 2014, Bongiwe Silinda wowed the judges and the audience in the most dramatic Theatre Week when she performed the song in the Top 31. This was the last performance the Top 31 had to do before they were put through to the Top 16 live shows. Bongi had the judges raving about her stripped down version of the song with a climatic end, rather contradictory to the original version. After she auditioned twice in one season, judge of the show, Unathi Msengana had said this after she had finished her performance: 'I'm so glad you decided to join us again in Pretoria to give yourself a second chance. Beyonce did the song for Gatsby....she'd bow down to you after this performance.' This saw Bongiwe alongside Vincent Bones, who performed Adorn by Miguel and Lize Mynhardt, who performed '[[
Love Story (Taylor Swift song)|Love Story]]' by Taylor Swift being dubbed the standout performers of the final round of theatre week, which also securely placed her in the Top 16 of the 10th historic season of Idols.[citation needed]
Beyoncé and André 3000 version[edit]
'Back to Black' | |
---|---|
Song by Beyoncé featuring André 3000 | |
from the album The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film | |
Recorded | 2012–13 |
Genre | Alternative R&B |
Length | 3:21 |
Label | Interscope |
Songwriter(s) | |
Producer(s) | Hollywood Holt |
'Back to Black' was covered by American singer Beyoncé and American rapper André 3000 for the soundtrack of the 2013 film The Great Gatsby. The song premiered in April 2013 after several snippets of it appeared online and it was used in the trailer for the film. Jay Z, who served as an executive producer for the soundtrack, suggested the song to its producer Baz Luhrmann. It was the final song recorded for the album and was included after the producers wanted a darker moment on The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film. Amy Winehouse's father Mitchell Winehouse reported that Beyoncé had not informed him about covering the song and requested that the income coming from it should be included in his Amy Winehouse Foundation. When the song was released, Winehouse criticized André 3000's singing saying that it should have been covered only by Beyoncé. However, Mark Ronson, the original producer of the song revealed that he was flattered and honored by the cover version.
Beyoncé and André 3000's cover is a slower version than the original with several lyrical modifications. It features a darker production with heavier instrumentation complete with a guitar and synthesizers, chopped and screwed elements and electronic beats. Upon its release, the song received mixed reviews from music critics who noted that the original version was already perfect to be further reworked; several critics praised its reworked arrangement while others criticized the singers' vocal performance calling it the most controversial song on the soundtrack.
Background and development[edit]
On 1 April 2013 it was announced by E! Online that American singer Beyoncé would cover the song with André 3000 for The Great Gatsbysoundtrack, set to be released on 7 May 2013.[60]Baz Luhrmann, the director of the film, revealed that 'Back to Black' was the final song to be included on the album. The inclusion of the song on the soundtrack was suggested by Beyoncé's husband and rapper Jay Z, who also served as its executive producer. 'We were looking for, 'How do we have a darker moment?' and he said have a listen to this and he played it', commented Luhrmann who, after a few spins, confirmed it should appear on the album.[61] Anton Monsted who served as a producer for the soundtrack, also talked about the placement of the cover of 'Back to Black' on the track listing during an interview with The Hollywood Reporter:
We have to thank Jay Z for bringing this into the overall thinking. He worked with us on the second party in the movie. The first party is a gaudy, rich, Venus flytrap of a celebration designed to attract Daisy's interest by physically bringing the entire city of New York to Long Island. The second party is one that Daisy does attend, but at this point in the story, we were looking for a musical direction that alluded to darker things beneath the surface. We were looking for a song that would speak to the almost 'Sid and Nancy' addictive love that Gatsby and Daisy have found themselves re-engaging in. Everybody knows the Amy Winehouse version of this song, and I think this is a very interesting interpretation. It plunges you further into this particular kind of lovesickness. I think it works very well in the film, where it blends between a jazz recording that The Bryan Ferry Orchestra did and the version on the album with Beyoncé and André 3000. That combination helps to deepen the resonance of what the song is telling us.[62]
On 2 April 2013, Amy Winehouse's father Mitchell Winehouse used his Twitter profile to reveal that Beyoncé had not informed him of her plans to cover the song and that he wanted income from the song to go to his Amy Winehouse Foundation. He wrote, 'I don't know about this but what if Beyoncé gave £100,000 to the foundation? Do you know how many kids that would help? Just putting it out there.'[63] He later added, 'Let me repeat. This is the first I have heard of Beyoncé doing Amy's [sic] song.'[64] Kia Makarechi of The Huffington Post noted that Beyoncé did not use the song as a personal record and thus it was 'slightly curious' for Winehouse to request for her to pay out.[64] Winehouse later used his Twitter account to write 'I like Beyoncé's cover and have no probs.'[65] However, upon hearing the full-length track, he wrote on his Twitter profile, 'I just heard the André part of 'Back to Black'. Terrible. He should have let Beyoncé do it all.'[66]
Release[edit]
In 2013, 'Back to Black' was covered by Beyoncé (left) and André 3000 (right) for The Great Gatsby soundtrack.
On 4 April 2013 a new trailer for the film featured previews of three songs from the soundtrack; a thirty-second preview of the cover of 'Back to Black' was included among those songs.[67][68] Chris Payne of Billboard magazine praised the cover, which according to him was made unique with the downtempo and EDM wobble.[69] A ninety-second snippet of the song also appeared online on 21 April 2013[70][71] and was made available for streaming through the iTunes Store.[72] A writer of Rap-Up magazine described it as a 'dark and haunting collaboration' adding that it features '[André 3000] rapping his verse, while Queen B[eyoncé] burns slow with her seductive vocals.'[71] Sam Lansky of the website Idolator wrote that the cover was 'a fairly sinister, gloomy affair' because of the lyrics, which according to him were connected with Amy Winehouse's death, and the film's noirish bent.[73] He further commented that 'it strikes us as an unusually dark side of King Bey[oncé], who's supposed to be literally the most poised human being alive'.[73] Speaking about the modification of the lyrics, he noted that it was 'but a little odd' and concluded the review by saying, 'It's eerie but cool, and a fitting tribute to Winehouse's legacy.'[73] The full version of the song premiered on Mark Ronson's East Village Radio show on 26 April 2013.[74] Upon its release, Ronson, who co-wrote the original song, commented that it was a 'wonderful take on our song' and added: 'I'm flattered and honoured, I know Amy would be too.'[74]
Composition[edit]
The cover version of 'Back to Black' has a slower tempo than the original.[75] It also features a darker production and chopped and screwed elements with a dark, twisted mood and a hypnotizing dub beat.[76][77][78] Charley Rogulewski of Vibe magazine commented that the cover version was like a heroin-laced outtake off of the Trainspottingsoundtrack.[70] Eschewing the 1960s Wall of Sound style of the original, the remake takes a minimalist, synth-heavy approach, with an occasional, echoing guitar twang.[6] Melinda Newman of the website HitFix noted that the cover version was more solemn than the original, with the guitar in the song 'adding to the loneliness'.[77] Logan Smithson of the online magazine PopMatters commented that it also features heavier instrumentation.[79] The 1960s pop string orchestration of the first version is exchanged for a 'meatier, keyboard-fueled, big beat groove', as stated by Keith Murphy of Vibe magazine.[80] Glenn Gamboa of Newsday noted that the cover was stripped down practically to an electronic pulse which he further compared with the 'sweeping, dramatic, icy electronic music' that Luhrmann used in his film Romeo + Juliet.[81]
The lyrics of the song were modified; they were reversed so it could function better as a duet.[73] It opens with André 3000 rapping his verses on a scratchy, bare beat and dissonant instrumentation further playing with the rhythm of the lyrical phrasing.[6][82] Beyoncé continues singing her part at the first minute and thirty seconds of the song.[73][82] Instead of belting her verse out, she whispers with seductive and sultry vocals, while André 3000 'buzzes' and raps over a nostalgic Aquemini leaky faucet beat as stated by Rogulewski from Vibe.[70][71] Newman of the website HitFix commented that Beyoncé's vocal performance contrasted André 3000's spoken lyrics.[77]
Critical reception[edit]
Upon its release, the collaboration of 'Back to Black' received mixed reviews by music critics. Critics discussed that the song was already 'perfect' to be further reworked.[83] A writer of the website Consequence of Sound commented that the cover was 'an intriguing take on the sultry number, featuring a soft pulse of dub underneath the syrupy sing-talk of André and breathy croon a la Marilyn Monroe/Betty Boop from Queen B.'[84] Paula Mejía of the same website listed the song as a highlight on the album, adding that the singers 'take an unsettling postmortem stab': 'Oozing womps from the latter [Beyoncé] trickle into the ear slowly, mimicking that feeling when you're walking alone at night and have the suspicion you're being followed, but you're too freaked-out and cool to look behind you.'[85] Christina Lee of the website Idolator wrote in her review of the song that it was 'a gloomier take on Southern hip-hop's codeine effect', comparing it with OutKast's album Aquemini (1998) reinterpreted for contemporary times.[86] Charley Rogulewski of Vibe magazine commented that the cover was 'a drugged-out slow burner in comparison to the doo-wop original, which boasted Winehouse's robust vocals'.[87] C. Vernon Coleman of XXL magazine simply described it as 'dope'.[88] Describing it as a shift in Beyoncé's usual approach, Ann Powers of NPR noted that '[she] gets stuck in the 1950s, sounding far more like a torch singer than a blues queen' but added that it was not a problem since 'Lurhmann's (sic) postmodernism has plenty of room for the juxtaposition of historic and current styles.'[89] She further added that André 3000 sings in a 'dandyish snarl that's been off-putting to some, but his radical rearrangement of the song comes closer than anything else here to Lurhmann's (sic) own nearly surrealist aesthetic'.[89] Describing the cover as 'distinguishable', Logan Smithson of PopMatters further commented, 'Though the cover doesn't top Winehouse's original, it is good in its own right and feels right at home on Gatsby. Besides, who doesn't love hearing André 3000's voice?'.[79] Kelly Dearmore from the American Songwriter described the cover as 'synthy [and] trippy', writing that the singers turn it into a 'wondrously hypnotic effect, and in turn, setting the tone for the entire album by blending brash audacity with dark surrealism'.[90]
In a more mixed review, AllMusic's David Jeffries called the song an 'icy cold reading' of the original.[91] Nothing that it had a 'lavish-yet-empty feeling', Aisha Harris from Slate magazine wrote in her review: 'The song has the feel of a blurry stupor—fitting... for the dark undertones of The Great Gatsby, but not terribly satisfying outside that context. Winehouse's vocals had a visceral, emotional punch, whereas here, there's little connection between the sound of the voices and the meaning of the lyrics. 'Life is like a pipe/ And I'm a tiny penny rolling up the walls inside' doesn't feel as meaningful coming from Beyoncé as it did from Winehouse.'[6] Thomas Conner from the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that Beyoncé surprises by downshifting into 'indie-chanteuse mode' for the cover which he noted that was sung 'with a sad sexual tension that approaches torch song but never ignites it'.[92] Newman from the website HitFix wrote in her review that the original version was stronger than the cover and added that it felt like it was a song by André 3000 featuring Beyoncé as the song mainly featured his vocals. She finished her review by grading the cover with a B-side and wrote, 'André 3000 and Beyoncé aren't afraid to rework the track and make it their own, for which they deserve credit, but their remake won't make anyone forget Amy's version.'[77] Jim Farber of Daily News wrote in his review that 'unfortunately' Beyoncé only makes a cameo appearance in the song while André 3000 dominates with a 'rank rap and a woeful vocal'.[93] Writing that it sounded 'dull', Cameron Adams of Herald Sun added 'it's got nice guitar work but the minimal remake is worth it only to hear Bey sing, 'I love blow and you love puff'.[94]Paste magazine's Philip Cosores wrote that 'Back to Black' sees Jay Z sticking his wife with a pretty raw deal, with the male half of the duet getting the opening verse and the chorus virtually to himself, leaving Bey with scraps at the end.'[95]
Mark Beech from Bloomberg L.P. gave a negative review towards the cover, writing that Beyoncé and André 3000 'murdered' the original version and noted that F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author of the novel The Great Gatsby on which the film was based, would be 'baffled' by it.[96] Kathy McCabe from The Daily Telegraph wrote that the song was the most controversial musical moment from the soundtrack and added that it seemed 'unrecognisable from the original, darker and so cut and pasted, it gives you the jitters after a couple of minutes'.[97] Keith Murphy of Vibe magazine described the cover version as the soundtrack's 'weakest link', although he called it 'credible'. He added that Beyoncé sounds 'way too pristine' on it and wrote, 'Please avoid covering the late Amy Winehouse if you are unable to project her heartbreaking anguish.'[80] Stacy Lambe of VH1 panned the cover of 'Back to Black' as 'the biggest disappointment on the soundtrack'.[98] Another writer of the same website also gave a negative review for it, saying 'I think the arrangement of this is sleepy and practically smothers the angst out of the song. Also, Beyoncé lives such a perfect life that she can't convey the same bitter pain in her voice that Amy could.'[98]
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- Sources
- Winehouse, Mitch (2012). Amy, My Daughter. HarperCollins. ISBN9780062191397.
External links[edit]
- 'Back to Black' music video on YouTube
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_to_Black_(song)&oldid=893162339'